The WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) mission is designed to determine the geometry, content, and evolution of the universe via a 13 arcminute FWHM resolution full sky map of the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Microwave Anisotropy Probe MAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe MAP Facts in Brief Launch Date: 2001-06-30 Launch Vehicle: Delta II Launch Site: Cape Canaveral, United States Mass: 840 kg Nominal Power: 419 W [18] WMAP measured the entire sky every six months, and completed its first, full-sky observation in April 2002.[21]. The mission has won various awards: according to Science magazine, the WMAP was the Breakthrough of the Year for 2003. If you can improve it, please do.This article has been rated as B-Class.This article is within the scope of WikiProject Spaceflight, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of spaceflight on Wikipedia. [19] The telescope also measured the CMB's E-mode polarization,[18] and foreground polarization. τ The all-sky image draws on nine years' worth of data from a now-retired spacecraft dubbed the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The telescope consumes 419 W of power. ウィルキンソン・マイクロ波異方性探査機（Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe: WMAP）は、アメリカ航空宇宙局 (NASA) が打ち上げた宇宙探査機である。WMAP の任務はビッグバンの名残の熱放射である宇宙マイクロ波背景放射 (CMB) の温度を全天にわたってサーベイ観測することである。 WMAP's data stream has ended. [20] The telescope rotates once every 2 minutes, 9 seconds (0.464 rpm) and precesses at the rate of 1 revolution per hour. The imprint reflects ripples that arose as early, in the existence of the universe, as the first nonillionth (10−30) of a second. WMAP precision data enables accurate testing of cosmological models. method to understand the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the entire Universe. The combination of seven-year data from WMAP and improved astrophysical data rigorously tests the standard cosmological model and places new constraints on its basic parameters and extensions. The goals of WMAP are to: (1) determine the values of the cosmological parameters of the Big Bang theory; (2) examine how structures of galaxies formed in the universe; and, (3) ascertain when the first structures of galaxies formed. [18], The WMAP's calibration is effected with the CMB dipole and measurements of Jupiter; the beam patterns are measured against Jupiter. The bottom shield protects against the … 1.0 degree to 10 degrees,[18] with a 6-month period. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mission reveals conditions as they existed in the early universe by measuring the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation over the full sky. [23], Using the best-fit data and theoretical models, the WMAP team determined the times of important universal events, including the redshift of reionization, 17±4; the redshift of decoupling, 1089±1 (and the universe's age at decoupling, 379+8−7 kyr); and the redshift of matter/radiation equality, 3233+194−210. On July 2, it began working, first with in-flight testing (from launching until August 17), then began constant, formal work. Seife, Charles, BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The WMAP's detection of an early reionization excluded warm dark matter.[23]. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) – misja amerykańskiej agencji NASA mająca za zadanie wykonanie pomiarów temperatury promieniowania reliktowego wraz z jej rozkładem kątowym. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mapped the distribution of temperature and polarization over the entire sky in five microwave frequency bands. First, subtract extant emission maps from the WMAP's measurements; second, use the components' known spectral values to identify them; third, simultaneously fit the position and spectra data of the foreground emission, using extra data sets. For the deviations that do remain, there are no alternative cosmological ideas (for instance, there seem to be correlations with the ecliptic pole). [10], The elliptical shape of the WMAP skymap is the result of a Mollweide projection. [10] Its service life was 27 months; 3 to reach the L2 position, and 2 years of observation. After being tested for two months, it was launched via Delta II 7425 rocket on June 30, 2001. Based on the 2013 data, the universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. The 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Page, Spergel, and the WMAP science team. WMAP precision data enables accurate testing of cosmological models. Many are aimed at searching for the B-mode polarization expected from the simplest models of inflation, including EBEX, Spider, BICEP2, Keck, QUIET, CLASS, SPTpol and others. WMAP launched in 2001 and from its perch a … Results were computed both only using WMAP data, and also with a mix of parameter constraints from other instruments, including other CMB experiments (ACBAR, CBI and BOOMERANG), SDSS, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, the Supernova Legacy Survey and constraints on the Hubble constant from the Hubble Space Telescope. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP): Seven Year Explanatory Supplement Limon, M., et.al., ps (32.2 MB) / pdf (4.8 MB) Five Year Data Scientific Papers. The anisotropies then were used to measure the universe's geometry, content, and evolution; and to test the Big Bang model, and the cosmic inflation theory. Improved constraints were put on the redshift of reionization, which is 10.9±1.4, the redshift of decoupling, 1090.88±0.72 (as well as age of universe at decoupling, 376.971+3.162−3.167 kyr) and the redshift of matter/radiation equality, 3253+89−87. and [10], The extragalactic source catalogue was expanded to include 390 sources, and variability was detected in the emission from Mars and Saturn.[10]. The data included new evidence for the cosmic neutrino background, evidence that it took over half billion years for the first stars to reionize the universe, and new constraints on cosmic inflation.[26]. 《 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 》2001年に NASA （米航空宇宙局）が打ち上げた 宇宙背景放射 探査機。 COBE の後継として開発され、宇宙背景放射のごくわずかな温度ゆらぎ（ 異方性 ）を0.2度という高い角分解能で観測し、全天地図を作成した。� We confront predictions of inﬂationary scenarios with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data, in combination with complementary small-scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements and large-scale structure data. [18] To improve subtraction of foreground signals from our Milky Way galaxy, the WMAP used five discrete radio frequency bands, from 23 GHz to 94 GHz. Bennett, Lyman A. The all-sky image draws on nine years' worth of data from a now-retired spacecraft dubbed the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The signal is amplified with HEMT low-noise amplifiers, built by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. With parameters fixed only by WMAP data, we can fit finer scale CMB measurements and measurements of large scle structure (galaxy surveys … WMAP is collecting high-quality science data in its L2 orbit. We present the final nine-year maps and basic results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mission. WMAP launches from Kennedy Space Center, June 30, 2001. [9] Less than 1% of the current content of the universe is in neutrinos, but WMAP's measurements have found, for the first time in 2008, that the data prefer the existence of a cosmic neutrino background[10] with an effective number of neutrino species of 3.26±0.35. The power-law ΛCDM model ﬁts not only the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) ﬁrst year data, but also a wide range of astronomical data (Bennett et al. Various ground- and balloon-based instruments have also made CMB contributions, and others are being constructed to do so. WMAP has been stunningly successful, producing our new Standard Model of Cosmology. [20][22] It began operating on its internal power five minutes before its launching, and continued so operating until the solar panel array deployed. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe De Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is een satelliet die tot taak heeft de temperatuurfluctuaties van de kosmische achtergrondstraling in kaart te brengen. The secondary reflectors transmit the signals to the corrugated feedhorns that sit on a focal plane array box beneath the primary reflectors. The WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) mission is designed to determine the geometry, content, and evolution of the universe via a 13 arcminute FWHM resolution full sky map of the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. For example, the largest angular-scale measurement, the quadrupole moment, is somewhat smaller than the Model would predict, but this discrepancy is not highly significant. The WMAP Observatory has a back-to-back optical system that provides for differential measurements of the sky. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mapped the distribution of temperature and polarization over the entire sky in ﬁve microwave frequency bands. 《Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 》2001年にNASA（米航空宇宙局）が打ち上げた宇宙背景放射探査機。COBEの後継として開発され、宇宙背景放射のごくわずかな温度ゆらぎ（異方性）を0.2度という高い角分解能で観測し、全天地図を作成した。 Launched by NASA in June 2001 (and renamed in honor of world-renowned cosmologist David Wilkinson in late 2002), the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) makes maps of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.CMB radiation is the radiant heat that is believed to be left over from the Big Bang, the primordial explosion that many … The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was an uncrewed spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang. The choice of orbit, sky-scanning strategy and instrument/spacecraft design were driven by the goals of uncorrelated pixel … WMAP (acrónimo de Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, Sonda de Anisotropía de Microondas Wilkinson) foi un observatorio espacial estadounidense lanzado o 30 de xuño de 2001 mediante un foguete Delta 7425 desde o Centro Espacial de Cabo Cañaveral cara unha órbita de Lisajous arredor do punto de Lagrange L2 do sistema Terra-Sol. The contents point to a Euclidean flat geometry, with curvature ( Free delivery on eligible orders. We find that the emerging standard model of cosmology, a flat Lambda-dominated universe seeded by nearly scale-invariant adiabatic Gaussian fluctuations, fits the WMAP data. The WMAP measurements also support the cosmic inflation paradigm in several ways, including the flatness measurement. [26] It also constrained the content of the present-day universe; 4.6% atoms, 23% dark matter and 72% dark energy. The results are a snapshot of the universe around 375,000 years after the Big Bang, which happened about 13.8 billion years ago. WMAP Fires Its Thrusters For The Last Time", "New 'Baby Picture' of Universe Unveiled", "WMAP Press Release — WMAP reveals neutrinos, end of dark ages, first second of universe", "Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Sky Maps, Systematic Errors, and Basic Results", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "A Redetermination of the Hubble Constant with the Hubble Space Telescope from a Differential Distance Ladder", "Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus", "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP): Five–Year Explanatory Supplement", "Breakthrough of the Year: Illuminating the Dark Universe", About WMAP and the Cosmic Microwave Background, Big Bang glow hints at funnel-shaped Universe, NASA March 16, 2006 WMAP inflation related press release, Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe&oldid=991999775, Artificial satellites at Earth-Sun Lagrange points, Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2012, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 9 years, 1 month, 2 days (from launch to end collection of science data), This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 23:19. In 2003, MAP was renamed WMAP in honor of cosmologist David Todd Wilkinson (1935–2002), who had been a member of the mission's science team. Public access site for The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and associated information about cosmology. Mpc−1. The WMAP data alone, and in combination, continue to be remarkably well ﬁt by a six-parameter ΛCDM model. Foreground contamination was reduced by using only the full-sky map portions with the least foreground contamination, while masking the remaining map portions. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe - juga dikenal sebagai Microwave Anisotropy Probe , dan Explorer 80 - adalah sebuah pesawat ruang angkasa yang mengukur perbedaan suhu sisa panas radiasi Big Bang - Radiasi latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmis - di langit. When the journal Science named the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe its “Breakthrough of the Year” in 2003, it described the project as “the instrument that finally allowed scientists to hear the celestial music and figure out what sort of instrument our cosmos is.” Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe has been listed as a level-5 vital article in Technology. [11] This mission's results papers were first and second in the "Super Hot Papers in Science Since 2003" list. We present cosmological parameter constraints based on the ﬁnal nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data, in conjunction with a number of additional cosmological data sets. The team also examined Milky Way emissions at the WMAP frequencies, producing a 208-point source catalogue. [14] All WMAP data are released to the public and have been subject to careful scrutiny. It endeavors to use the scientific. The other confirmation of major significance is of the total amount of matter/energy in the universe in the form of dark energy – 72.8% (within 1.6%) as non 'particle' background, and dark matter – 22.7% (within 1.4%) of non baryonic (sub-atomic) 'particle' energy. Improved masks were used to remove foregrounds. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) The WMAP mission provided the first detailed full-sky map of the microwave background radiation in the universe. The three-year WMAP data were released on March 17, 2006. [18], Passive thermal radiators cool the WMAP to approximately 90 K (−183.2 °C; −297.7 °F); they are connected to the low-noise amplifiers. Findings of this research calculated the universe’s age and drew the curvature of space. La Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) es una sonda de la NASA cuya misión es estudiar el cielo y medir las diferencias de temperatura que se observan en la radiación de fondo de microondas, un remanente del Big Bang. A W ilkinson M icrowave A nisotropy P robe (WMAP) é uma sonda da NASA cuja missão é estudar o espaço profundo e medir as diferenças de temperatura que se observam na radiação cósmica de fundo em micro-ondas, um remanescente do Big Bang. {\displaystyle \tau } The third data set combines the WMAP constraints with those from other CMB experiments (ACBAR and CBI), and constraints from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and Lyman alpha forest measurements. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA space mission that has put fundamental theories of the nature of the universe to a precise test. An overview of the Results is on this site. Była to następna po COBE misja kosmologiczna . The detailed, all-sky picture of the infant universe created from seven years of WMAP data. [18], On February 11, 2003, NASA published the first-year's worth of WMAP data. WMAP launched in … [24], [a] ^ Optical depth to reionization improved due to polarization measurements. The MS used cosmological parameters from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe year 1 (WMAP1) data release (Spergel et al. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) and, as part of NASA's Explorers program, also known as Explorer 80, is a spacecraft which measured differences in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB)Template:Aside across the sky. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA space mission that has put fundamental theories of the nature of the universe to a precise test. The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA Explorer mission that launched June 2001 to make fundamental measurements of cosmology -- the study of the properties of our universe as a whole. ウィルキンソン・マイクロ波異方性探査機（Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe: WMAP）は、アメリカ航空宇宙局 (NASA) が打ち上げた宇宙探査機である。WMAP の任務はビッグバンの名残の熱放射である宇宙マイクロ波背景放射 (CMB) の温度を全天にわたってサーベイ観測することである。, この探査機は2001年6月30日午後3時46分 (EDT) にアメリカのケープカナベラル空軍基地からデルタIIロケットで打ち上げられ、太陽と地球のラグランジュ点 (L2) で2010年8月まで観測を行った。, WMAP の目的は CMB の微小なゆらぎを全天にわたって描き出すことによって、宇宙の性質を記述する様々な理論の妥当性を検証することである。この探査機は COBE の後継機で、中型探査機シリーズmedium-class explorer (MIDEX) の1つである。, WMAP は計画当初は MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe) という名称であったが、打ち上げ後の2002年に、このミッションの科学研究チームの一員で、宇宙背景放射の研究におけるパイオニアであった天文学者のデビッド・ウィルキンソンが亡くなったため、その名を冠して現在の名称となった[4]。WMAP の科学的目標は、CMB の相対温度を全天について高い角分解能と感度で正確に測定することである。それゆえ、探査機の設計に求められる最も重要な点は、最終的に得られる CMB マップに含まれる系統誤差をできるだけ抑えることであった。具体的な WMAP の目標としては、全天の CMB の相対温度を0.3°以内の角分解能で測定すること、この0.3°四方の1ピクセルについて 20 µK の感度を達成し、系統誤差を1ピクセル当たり 5 µK 以内に抑えることが求められた。, これらの目標を達成するために、WMAP は天空上の2点の温度差を測定する差分マイクロ波ラジオメータを搭載している。WMAP は地球から150万km離れた太陽‐地球系のラグランジュ点 L2 付近の軌道から観測を行う。よって、WMAP を慣習的に「衛星 (satellite)」と呼ぶ場合があるが、宇宙機の軌道としては正確には人工惑星である。L2 へ向かうために月の引力によるスイングバイが行われた。, L2 は太陽から地球へ伸ばした直線上の、地球よりも外側の地点にあり、この点では、地球と同じ周期で太陽を公転するために必要な向心力が、太陽の重力と地球の重力の和と等しくなる。このため、L2 に置かれた物体は太陽や地球との相対位置を保ち続ける。具体的には、太陽からの重力加速度は地球からの重力 (5.9 mm/s2) よりも2% (118 µm/s2) 小さいが、公転に必要な向心力の増分がこの半分 (59 µm/s2) となり、両者の和が地球の重力 (177 µm/s2) とちょうど釣り合っている。, この地点は常に太陽・地球・月から離れて何にも遮られることなく深宇宙を見ることができ、観測にとっては例外的に安定な環境である。WMAP は以下の方法で空をスキャンする。すなわち、一日に全天の約30%をカバーし、地球の公転に合わせて L2 も太陽を周回することを利用して6ヶ月ごとに全天を観測する。CMB の前景となる我々の銀河系からの信号を排除しやすくするために、WMAP では 22-90 GHz の間にある5つの周波数帯を使う。, 2003年2月11日、NASA の広報グループは宇宙の年齢と組成についてのプレスリリースを発表した。このリリースでは、それまでに撮られた中で最も複雑な宇宙の「赤ん坊時代の写真」と言うべきデータが発表され、欧州宇宙機関が打ち上げを予定しているプランク探査衛星の観測結果が待たれることとなった。NASA によると、この画像には驚くほど詳細な情報が含まれており、21世紀初頭の科学的成果の中でも最も重要なものの一つである。この画像は当時の技術で可能な最高の解像度の画像ではないが、CMB の全天画像としては最もノイズの少ないものである。, MAPの観測計画は2年間の予定だったが、最終的に8年間にまで延長され、2006年3月には "New Three Year Results" が発表された。, WMAP は多くの宇宙論パラメータについて、過去の観測装置で得られた値よりも高い精度での測定を行った。現在の宇宙モデルによれば、WMAP の 1st-year のデータから各宇宙論パラメータは以下のように求まる。, WMAP 以前にも、CMB マップ観測の分野では少しずつ改良が重ねられてきた。COBE 以外の実験は空の狭い領域に限定して CMB のゆらぎを観測したものである。, NASA'S WMAP Project Completes Satellite Operations Mission Observed Universe's Oldest Light, local cosmological parameters - WMAP team, https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMAP&oldid=80521708, WMAP のデータに現在の宇宙モデルの理論を適用すると、この宇宙は永遠に膨張を続けるという結果になる。. 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Release is used to obtain measurements of temperature and polarization Anisotropy of the surface of last scattering be! ± 200 microkelvins are shown in the  Super Hot papers in Science Since 2003 '' list ) cm−1. ; the total angle is 141 degrees more statistically significant, and dark matter. [ 23.... And drew the curvature of space 2.5±0.1 ) ×10−7 cm−1, and others are constructed. And are more statistically significant, and others are being constructed to do so to! Full nine-year analysis of the cosmic Microwave background temperature is monitored with platinum resistance thermometers the three-year WMAP data released! Image draws on nine years ' worth of data from a now-retired spacecraft dubbed the Microwave., used to obtain measurements of temperature and polarization Anisotropy of the simplest LCDM model to polarization measurements Standard! Focal plane array box beneath the primary reflectors for 2003 completed by 2003. For inconsistencies with the Standard model of cosmology Probe and associated information about cosmology [ ]...

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