Microsatellites [40] are also known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), short tandem repeats (STRs), or simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) which are short tandem repeats, their length being 1 to 10 bp. DArT markers are primarily dominant (present or absent) or differences in intensity, which limits its value in some application [38]. Reduced genetic variability is a key step in the extinction vortex. The population expected to be become nearly double by 2050. These plants are environmentally safe. (i) Estimating several measures of DNA sequence variation within and between populations (in noncoding, synonymous, or nonsynonymous sites or in various sorts of codon positions), as well as linkage disequilibrium, recombination, gene flow, and gene conversion parameters. Readers are requested to read Mohammadi and Prasanna [85] review paper for more details about different GD measures. [76] and in work by McKernan et al. Rapid amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were the first of PCR-based markers and are produced by PCR machines using genomic DNA and arbitrary (random) primers which act as both forward and backward primers in creation of multiple copies of DNA strands [35, 36]. Today most of major crops like wheat, corn are polyploid. For example, the Florida Yew (Torreya taxifolia) is currently one of the rarest conifer species in North America. The study of genetic variability is part of population genetics. Genetics and genetic engineering has placed an important role in improvement of plant production. (i) Used for clustering analysis, ordination analysis, principal component analysis, principal coordinate analysis, scaling analysis, and comparison of two matrices (Mantel test, Mantel [, DNA sequence, protein sequence, evolutionary distance, or phylogenetic tree data. Genetics is important in Agriculture. Single gene transfers have allowed plants to produce various products. These markers are inherited both in dominant and codominant patterns. This phenomenon is known to be very evident among bacteria, hence they are called “nature’s own genetic engineer”. Thus, it also minimizes the soil erosion. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying genome-wide changes in expression are as yet poorly understood; only methylation has received much study, and its importance … On the other hand, system driven famine such as, Irish potato famine and Southern corn leaf blight epidemic in USA are the two instances of food crises caused by large-scale cultivation of genetically homogenous varieties of potato and corn, respectively. Throughout the process of barley domestication human selection on wild species resulted in plants with more harvestable seeds. Green revolution technologies introduced improved crop varieties that have higher yields, and it was hoped that they would increase farmers’ income. However, many of these have never been scientifically investigated, conserved and exploited for their livelihood potentials. Measure variability by describing changes in allele frequencies for a particular trait over time, more population oriented than band-based approaches. Thus a population of individuals loses 5% of its heterozygosity per generation. The seeds that we currently have will soon be gone. Effective size of a population is an idealized number, since many calculations depend on the genetic parameters used and on the reference generation. Used to compute allele frequency-based analyses including heterozygosity, Cleaved amplification polymorphic sequence, Interretrotransposon amplified polymorphism, Randomly amplified hybridizing microsatellites, Randomly amplified microsatellite polymorphisms, Retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism, Retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism, Selective amplification of polymorphic loci, Sequence characterised amplification regions, Sequence-specific amplification polymorphisms, P. Narain, “Genetic diversity—conservation and assessment,”, A. I. Turrent and J. Gene banks need to include different characteristics in their screening processes and their collections need to be comprehensive, including what are now considered minor crops, and that may come with huge impact on food baskets. New technology has developed new varieties of plants which are becoming more resistant to plant pests and diseases. 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